Negative Communication Patterns Can Destroy Your Relationship
by Amal Killawi
Communicating effectively is essential for building a happy family. Effective communication is a skill that should be acquired and practiced regularly because it reduces misconceptions and misunderstandings between family members and helps them avoid conflict.
Prophet Muhammad (sal Allaahu `alayhi wa sallam – peace be upon him) advised us to be gentle, kind, compassionate, and lenient in our dealings with one another. On the authority of 'Aisha (radi Allaahu `anha – may Allaah be pleased with her), the Messenger of Allaah (saw) is reported to have said:
“Allaah is kind and He loves kindness in all affairs.”
[al-Bukhari]
Successful communication strengthens the family bond and makes it less likely that issues will spill over into physical abuse. Communicating effectively begins with the couple. Regular, poorly handled conflict between parents is difficult on children.
Couples often fall into negative communication patterns if they don’t handle conflict well. Negative communication patterns can tear marriages and families apart, leading to unhappiness and divorce. Research has shown that negative patterns and behaviors have a much stronger effect on marriages than the positive ones. It is estimated that in order to maintain a happy marriage, a couple must engage in five to twenty positives for every negative (Gottman, 1993; Notarius and Markman, 1993).
The four main negative communication patterns are called the Communication Danger Signs. Couples should prevent or change these patterns if they want to build and maintain a successful marriage.
Communication Danger Sign #1: Escalation
Definition: responding back and forth negatively so that the conflict increases
We often begin talking about an issue calmly. Then someone says something to upset the other person, who then responds back negatively. The calm conversation soon escalates into an angry argument full of hurtful comments, loud voices, and intense emotions.
For example, let’s say Sarah returns from a meeting and finds the kitchen to be a mess. The following conversation might ensue:
Sarah: Ahmad, why don’t you ever clean up after yourself?
Ahmad: (exhausted after making dinner) I was busy making dinner for the kids. You never clean up after yourself either.
Sarah: (getting upset) What do you mean I never clean up after myself? I make dinner all the time, and the kitchen doesn’t look like this! All you did was make a little bit of pasta!
Ahmad: (getting upset too, and becoming sarcastic) Of course! You’re right; all I did was make some pasta. I didn’t do anything else.
Sarah: (increasing in intensity) That’s right. You never do anything else. I have to do everything around here. I don’t know what I got from marrying you; just more work and more headaches.
Ahmad: (hurt) Ok, then maybe you shouldn’t have married me!
When we allow arguments to escalate, we say horrible things to each other even if we don’t really mean them. Unfortunately, some things we say can’t be taken back. What’s dangerous in the scenario above is that Ahmad and Sarah began talking about the dirty kitchen and ended up questioning their decision to marry each other. Because they were tired and stressed out, they let their conversation get out of control instead of hearing each other out and resolving a simple issue.
Solution: De-Escalate.
To change the negative pattern of escalation, do the opposite: de-escalate!
* Soften your tone. Change the way you’re speaking from harsh to calm and kind.
* Hear and acknowledge the other person’s point of view. Put yourself in your wife’s shoes or your husband’s shoes. Try to understand where they’re coming from.
* Give up the need to win.Winning is not going to bring any benefit.
* Call for a time-out. Agree to talk about it at a later time when everyone is calmer.
So, what could Sarah and Ahmad have done differently?
Sarah: Ahmad, why don’t you ever clean up after yourself?
Ahmad: (exhausted after making dinner) I was busy making dinner for the kids. You never clean up after yourself either.
Sarah: (softening her tone) Actually, I do clean up. But I guess you’re pretty tired after work and dinner.
Ahmad: (calming down and acknowledging Sarah’s point of view) I am tired, but I know you hate a dirty kitchen. Sorry for the mess. Can you help me clean up later?
Sarah: Sure. Thanks for making dinner tonight.
The goal is to stop the negative process before it erupts into a full blown, nasty fight.
Communication Danger Sign #2: Invalidation
Definition: putting down the thoughts, opinions, or character of the other
When we talk with our loved ones, sometimes we subtly or directly put down their thoughts, feelings, or character. We disrespect them by calling them names, questioning their character, and de-valuing their opinions and feelings.
Invalidation can be subtle or extreme. Examples of subtle invalidation include: “Why can’t you ever do anything right?” or “Someone’s feeling a little insulted.” Examples of extreme invalidation include: “You’re such a loser” or “We should have you checked into a mental institution.”
Solution: Be Respectful.
The Quran tells us in Surah Al-Hujurat:
يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا لَا يَسْخَرْ قَوْمٌ مِّن قَوْمٍ عَسَىٰ أَن يَكُونُوا خَيْرًا مِّنْهُمْ وَلَا نِسَاءٌ مِّن نِّسَاءٍ عَسَىٰ أَن يَكُنَّ خَيْرًا مِّنْهُنَّ ۖ وَلَا تَلْمِزُوا أَنفُسَكُمْ وَلَا تَنَابَزُوا بِالْأَلْقَابِ ۖ بِئْسَ الِاسْمُ الْفُسُوقُ بَعْدَ الْإِيمَانِ ۚ وَمَن لَّمْ يَتُبْ فَأُولَٰئِكَ هُمُ الظَّالِمُونَ
"O you who have believed, let not a people ridicule [another] people; perhaps they may be better than them; nor let women ridicule [other] women; perhaps they may be better than them. And do not insult one another and do not call each other by [offensive] nicknames. Wretched is the name of disobedience after [one's] faith. And whoever does not repent – then it is those who are the wrongdoers. "
(Surah Al Hujraat:11)
* Treat each other with respect. Give respect. Expect respect. Remember the famous hadith of the Prophet Muhammad (saw):
“None of you truly believes until he loves for his brother what he loves for himself.”
[al-Bukhari, Muslim]
* Listen and acknowledge the other person’s words and point of view. Even if you don’t agree with everything your wife or husband says, you must still validate their feelings.
* Do over. When you realize you’ve blown it and said something that hurt the other person, just say: OK, let’s do that over. Immediately backtrack and talk about it in a different way.
Communication Danger Sign #3: Negative Interpretations
Definition: making negative and unfair assumptions about what the other person was thinking
Too often, we engage in mind-reading by making unfair assumptions about the other person’s intentions. Instead of looking for the positives, we make negative judgments about the other person’s thoughts and behaviors, believing that they purposely meant to hurt us. Because of negative interpretations we believe the worst instead of the best in each other.
We can do this in two ways:
1. Verbally: “You did not want my mother to come over, anyway” or “You couldn’t have cared less about what was important to me.”
2. Unexpressed thoughts which fuel our own anger: “She knows how much that bothers me, but she just keeps on doing it.” “He made me wait on purpose because he’s still angry about yesterday. How immature!”
Sami engaged in negative interpretations when his wife Amena told him that she wasn’t sure they could visit his parents during Eid. Amena was concerned about not having the financial means to cover the expenses of the trip, but Sami became extremely angry and assumed that Amena hated his parents and was trying to avoid spending time with them.
Interestingly, children learn to do this as well from their parents. For example, when Omar hit his brother Musa, Musa said, “I know Omar did it on purpose! It wasn’t an accident.” Everything is seen as intentional and personal.
Solution: Fight Back (against Negative Interpretations).
The Quran also tells us in Surat Al-Hujurat:
يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا اجْتَنِبُوا كَثِيرًا مِّنَ الظَّنِّ إِنَّ بَعْضَ الظَّنِّ إِثْمٌ ۖ وَلَا تَجَسَّسُوا وَلَا يَغْتَب بَّعْضُكُم بَعْضًا ۚ أَيُحِبُّ أَحَدُكُمْ أَن يَأْكُلَ لَحْمَ أَخِيهِ مَيْتًا فَكَرِهْتُمُوهُ ۚ وَاتَّقُوا اللَّهَ ۚ إِنَّ اللَّهَ تَوَّابٌ رَّحِيمٌ
"O you who have believed, avoid much [negative] assumption. Indeed, some assumption is sin. And do not spy or backbite each other. Would one of you like to eat the flesh of his brother when dead? You would detest it. And fear Allaah ; indeed, Allaah is Accepting of repentance and Merciful."
(Surah Al Hujraat:12)
* Assume the best, not the worst.
* Give the other person excuses. Give them the benefit of the doubt. We all know the following saying: “Try to find up to seventy reasons for your brother/sister, and if you can’t, then say, “Maybe he has an excuse that I am not aware of!”
* Look for evidence to the contrary. Think of all the times the source of unhappiness didn’t happen or wasn’t true.
* Stay positive!
Communication Danger Sign #4: Avoidance and Withdrawal
Definition: unwillingness to engage in or stay with important discussions
Sometimes, we think it’s easier if we ignore the problem or end difficult conversations as soon as possible. During a discussion, we might withdraw by getting up and leaving the room, becoming quieter and then not talking, or agreeing quickly to some suggestion without any intention of following through. Sometimes, we might avoid the issue by preventing the conversation from happening in the first place. We can do that by changing the subject, not being available to talk, or just saying the subject isn’t important to talk about. Usually, one person pushes the issue while the other tries to avoid it or pull out if it.
There are some gender differences. Not always, but most commonly, men tend to withdraw and women tend to pursue. Many men will abstain from discussing issues because they don’t want to get into a fight. They will withdraw and try to get away, while women will “turn up the volume” and try harder to get a response.
For example, Halima walks up to her husband Yusuf and says, “I really want to talk to you about helping around the house.” Yusuf tries to avoid the discussion and says, “I can’t talk about anything right now. I have to leave to the masjid.” Meanwhile, he’s looking for his keys. His wife becomes annoyed and says, “You never can talk about it, but I have to have some help.” Yusuf insists that he can’t talk, so his wife becomes angry and begins to yell. Yusuf becomes quiet and walks out the door.
Solution: Change the Cycle.
* Start a discussion gently and calmly.
* Don’t push the issue. If the other person starts to withdraw, then….
* Set aside a new time for the discussion.
* Talk with each other about the fact that avoiding a problem won’t make it go away
In the example above, Halima might have approached her husband during a better time and could have said instead, “We have to talk about this sometime. If you can’t talk about it now, what time would be better?” Similarly, Yusuf would have been better off making time to discuss the issue instead of ignoring it, as the problem would most likely never disappear and instead cause resentment in his wife’s heart.
Conflict is inevitable, but we can change our communication patterns.
Conflict is an inevitable part of the human experience. How we choose to handle conflict will impact whether our relationships with our spouses and families are positive or negative. During any type of conflict, it is helpful to do the following:
1. Recognize the four Communication Danger Signs:
* Escalation
* Invalidation
* Negative Interpretations
* Avoidance and Withdrawal
2. Stop. Call for a time out.
3. Do something healthy to calm yourself down.
Prophet Muhammad (saw) provided us with the following strategies when feeling angry:
* Seek refuge with Allaah from Shaytan.
* Change your position. As recommended in a hadith, if you’re angry while standing, sit down. If you’re still angry, lay down.
* Perform wudu. As counseled in a hadith:
“Anger is from Shaytan, and Shaytan is created from fire, and fire is extinguished by water; so if one of you become angry, let him perform wudu.”
[Abu Dawood]
* Remain silent.
4. Call for “Time In” to finish the discussion safely.
When we are upset, we often don’t share what we are really thinking and instead say something to win or hurt the other person. To prevent this during a conversation, let us ask ourselves: “What is it that I want to accomplish?” If our goal isn’t to resolve the issue, then engaging in the four negative patterns will work well in destroying our relationships.
However, if our goal is to strengthen our relationships and move forward positively, then we need to counteract the four danger signs with effective communication that will allow us to express our concerns to one another in a gentle and respectful manner
May Allaah (swt) help us in communicating effectively, and may He strengthen our families.
by Amal Killawi
Communicating effectively is essential for building a happy family. Effective communication is a skill that should be acquired and practiced regularly because it reduces misconceptions and misunderstandings between family members and helps them avoid conflict.
Prophet Muhammad (sal Allaahu `alayhi wa sallam – peace be upon him) advised us to be gentle, kind, compassionate, and lenient in our dealings with one another. On the authority of 'Aisha (radi Allaahu `anha – may Allaah be pleased with her), the Messenger of Allaah (saw) is reported to have said:
“Allaah is kind and He loves kindness in all affairs.”
[al-Bukhari]
Successful communication strengthens the family bond and makes it less likely that issues will spill over into physical abuse. Communicating effectively begins with the couple. Regular, poorly handled conflict between parents is difficult on children.
Couples often fall into negative communication patterns if they don’t handle conflict well. Negative communication patterns can tear marriages and families apart, leading to unhappiness and divorce. Research has shown that negative patterns and behaviors have a much stronger effect on marriages than the positive ones. It is estimated that in order to maintain a happy marriage, a couple must engage in five to twenty positives for every negative (Gottman, 1993; Notarius and Markman, 1993).
The four main negative communication patterns are called the Communication Danger Signs. Couples should prevent or change these patterns if they want to build and maintain a successful marriage.
Communication Danger Sign #1: Escalation
Definition: responding back and forth negatively so that the conflict increases
We often begin talking about an issue calmly. Then someone says something to upset the other person, who then responds back negatively. The calm conversation soon escalates into an angry argument full of hurtful comments, loud voices, and intense emotions.
For example, let’s say Sarah returns from a meeting and finds the kitchen to be a mess. The following conversation might ensue:
Sarah: Ahmad, why don’t you ever clean up after yourself?
Ahmad: (exhausted after making dinner) I was busy making dinner for the kids. You never clean up after yourself either.
Sarah: (getting upset) What do you mean I never clean up after myself? I make dinner all the time, and the kitchen doesn’t look like this! All you did was make a little bit of pasta!
Ahmad: (getting upset too, and becoming sarcastic) Of course! You’re right; all I did was make some pasta. I didn’t do anything else.
Sarah: (increasing in intensity) That’s right. You never do anything else. I have to do everything around here. I don’t know what I got from marrying you; just more work and more headaches.
Ahmad: (hurt) Ok, then maybe you shouldn’t have married me!
When we allow arguments to escalate, we say horrible things to each other even if we don’t really mean them. Unfortunately, some things we say can’t be taken back. What’s dangerous in the scenario above is that Ahmad and Sarah began talking about the dirty kitchen and ended up questioning their decision to marry each other. Because they were tired and stressed out, they let their conversation get out of control instead of hearing each other out and resolving a simple issue.
Solution: De-Escalate.
To change the negative pattern of escalation, do the opposite: de-escalate!
* Soften your tone. Change the way you’re speaking from harsh to calm and kind.
* Hear and acknowledge the other person’s point of view. Put yourself in your wife’s shoes or your husband’s shoes. Try to understand where they’re coming from.
* Give up the need to win.Winning is not going to bring any benefit.
* Call for a time-out. Agree to talk about it at a later time when everyone is calmer.
So, what could Sarah and Ahmad have done differently?
Sarah: Ahmad, why don’t you ever clean up after yourself?
Ahmad: (exhausted after making dinner) I was busy making dinner for the kids. You never clean up after yourself either.
Sarah: (softening her tone) Actually, I do clean up. But I guess you’re pretty tired after work and dinner.
Ahmad: (calming down and acknowledging Sarah’s point of view) I am tired, but I know you hate a dirty kitchen. Sorry for the mess. Can you help me clean up later?
Sarah: Sure. Thanks for making dinner tonight.
The goal is to stop the negative process before it erupts into a full blown, nasty fight.
Communication Danger Sign #2: Invalidation
Definition: putting down the thoughts, opinions, or character of the other
When we talk with our loved ones, sometimes we subtly or directly put down their thoughts, feelings, or character. We disrespect them by calling them names, questioning their character, and de-valuing their opinions and feelings.
Invalidation can be subtle or extreme. Examples of subtle invalidation include: “Why can’t you ever do anything right?” or “Someone’s feeling a little insulted.” Examples of extreme invalidation include: “You’re such a loser” or “We should have you checked into a mental institution.”
Solution: Be Respectful.
The Quran tells us in Surah Al-Hujurat:
يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا لَا يَسْخَرْ قَوْمٌ مِّن قَوْمٍ عَسَىٰ أَن يَكُونُوا خَيْرًا مِّنْهُمْ وَلَا نِسَاءٌ مِّن نِّسَاءٍ عَسَىٰ أَن يَكُنَّ خَيْرًا مِّنْهُنَّ ۖ وَلَا تَلْمِزُوا أَنفُسَكُمْ وَلَا تَنَابَزُوا بِالْأَلْقَابِ ۖ بِئْسَ الِاسْمُ الْفُسُوقُ بَعْدَ الْإِيمَانِ ۚ وَمَن لَّمْ يَتُبْ فَأُولَٰئِكَ هُمُ الظَّالِمُونَ
"O you who have believed, let not a people ridicule [another] people; perhaps they may be better than them; nor let women ridicule [other] women; perhaps they may be better than them. And do not insult one another and do not call each other by [offensive] nicknames. Wretched is the name of disobedience after [one's] faith. And whoever does not repent – then it is those who are the wrongdoers. "
(Surah Al Hujraat:11)
* Treat each other with respect. Give respect. Expect respect. Remember the famous hadith of the Prophet Muhammad (saw):
“None of you truly believes until he loves for his brother what he loves for himself.”
[al-Bukhari, Muslim]
* Listen and acknowledge the other person’s words and point of view. Even if you don’t agree with everything your wife or husband says, you must still validate their feelings.
* Do over. When you realize you’ve blown it and said something that hurt the other person, just say: OK, let’s do that over. Immediately backtrack and talk about it in a different way.
Communication Danger Sign #3: Negative Interpretations
Definition: making negative and unfair assumptions about what the other person was thinking
Too often, we engage in mind-reading by making unfair assumptions about the other person’s intentions. Instead of looking for the positives, we make negative judgments about the other person’s thoughts and behaviors, believing that they purposely meant to hurt us. Because of negative interpretations we believe the worst instead of the best in each other.
We can do this in two ways:
1. Verbally: “You did not want my mother to come over, anyway” or “You couldn’t have cared less about what was important to me.”
2. Unexpressed thoughts which fuel our own anger: “She knows how much that bothers me, but she just keeps on doing it.” “He made me wait on purpose because he’s still angry about yesterday. How immature!”
Sami engaged in negative interpretations when his wife Amena told him that she wasn’t sure they could visit his parents during Eid. Amena was concerned about not having the financial means to cover the expenses of the trip, but Sami became extremely angry and assumed that Amena hated his parents and was trying to avoid spending time with them.
Interestingly, children learn to do this as well from their parents. For example, when Omar hit his brother Musa, Musa said, “I know Omar did it on purpose! It wasn’t an accident.” Everything is seen as intentional and personal.
Solution: Fight Back (against Negative Interpretations).
The Quran also tells us in Surat Al-Hujurat:
يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا اجْتَنِبُوا كَثِيرًا مِّنَ الظَّنِّ إِنَّ بَعْضَ الظَّنِّ إِثْمٌ ۖ وَلَا تَجَسَّسُوا وَلَا يَغْتَب بَّعْضُكُم بَعْضًا ۚ أَيُحِبُّ أَحَدُكُمْ أَن يَأْكُلَ لَحْمَ أَخِيهِ مَيْتًا فَكَرِهْتُمُوهُ ۚ وَاتَّقُوا اللَّهَ ۚ إِنَّ اللَّهَ تَوَّابٌ رَّحِيمٌ
"O you who have believed, avoid much [negative] assumption. Indeed, some assumption is sin. And do not spy or backbite each other. Would one of you like to eat the flesh of his brother when dead? You would detest it. And fear Allaah ; indeed, Allaah is Accepting of repentance and Merciful."
(Surah Al Hujraat:12)
* Assume the best, not the worst.
* Give the other person excuses. Give them the benefit of the doubt. We all know the following saying: “Try to find up to seventy reasons for your brother/sister, and if you can’t, then say, “Maybe he has an excuse that I am not aware of!”
* Look for evidence to the contrary. Think of all the times the source of unhappiness didn’t happen or wasn’t true.
* Stay positive!
Communication Danger Sign #4: Avoidance and Withdrawal
Definition: unwillingness to engage in or stay with important discussions
Sometimes, we think it’s easier if we ignore the problem or end difficult conversations as soon as possible. During a discussion, we might withdraw by getting up and leaving the room, becoming quieter and then not talking, or agreeing quickly to some suggestion without any intention of following through. Sometimes, we might avoid the issue by preventing the conversation from happening in the first place. We can do that by changing the subject, not being available to talk, or just saying the subject isn’t important to talk about. Usually, one person pushes the issue while the other tries to avoid it or pull out if it.
There are some gender differences. Not always, but most commonly, men tend to withdraw and women tend to pursue. Many men will abstain from discussing issues because they don’t want to get into a fight. They will withdraw and try to get away, while women will “turn up the volume” and try harder to get a response.
For example, Halima walks up to her husband Yusuf and says, “I really want to talk to you about helping around the house.” Yusuf tries to avoid the discussion and says, “I can’t talk about anything right now. I have to leave to the masjid.” Meanwhile, he’s looking for his keys. His wife becomes annoyed and says, “You never can talk about it, but I have to have some help.” Yusuf insists that he can’t talk, so his wife becomes angry and begins to yell. Yusuf becomes quiet and walks out the door.
Solution: Change the Cycle.
* Start a discussion gently and calmly.
* Don’t push the issue. If the other person starts to withdraw, then….
* Set aside a new time for the discussion.
* Talk with each other about the fact that avoiding a problem won’t make it go away
In the example above, Halima might have approached her husband during a better time and could have said instead, “We have to talk about this sometime. If you can’t talk about it now, what time would be better?” Similarly, Yusuf would have been better off making time to discuss the issue instead of ignoring it, as the problem would most likely never disappear and instead cause resentment in his wife’s heart.
Conflict is inevitable, but we can change our communication patterns.
Conflict is an inevitable part of the human experience. How we choose to handle conflict will impact whether our relationships with our spouses and families are positive or negative. During any type of conflict, it is helpful to do the following:
1. Recognize the four Communication Danger Signs:
* Escalation
* Invalidation
* Negative Interpretations
* Avoidance and Withdrawal
2. Stop. Call for a time out.
3. Do something healthy to calm yourself down.
Prophet Muhammad (saw) provided us with the following strategies when feeling angry:
* Seek refuge with Allaah from Shaytan.
* Change your position. As recommended in a hadith, if you’re angry while standing, sit down. If you’re still angry, lay down.
* Perform wudu. As counseled in a hadith:
“Anger is from Shaytan, and Shaytan is created from fire, and fire is extinguished by water; so if one of you become angry, let him perform wudu.”
[Abu Dawood]
* Remain silent.
4. Call for “Time In” to finish the discussion safely.
When we are upset, we often don’t share what we are really thinking and instead say something to win or hurt the other person. To prevent this during a conversation, let us ask ourselves: “What is it that I want to accomplish?” If our goal isn’t to resolve the issue, then engaging in the four negative patterns will work well in destroying our relationships.
However, if our goal is to strengthen our relationships and move forward positively, then we need to counteract the four danger signs with effective communication that will allow us to express our concerns to one another in a gentle and respectful manner
May Allaah (swt) help us in communicating effectively, and may He strengthen our families.
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